Atlantic wolffish

Fishery

The main fishing grounds for Atlantic wolffish are in the west and northwest part of the Icelandic shelf. From 2010, the proportion of the catch has been increasing in northwest of Iceland compared to west of Iceland. Catches at the main spawning ground (Látragrunn) west of Iceland have been decreasing since 2008 (Figure 1 and Figure 2). About 80% of the catch of Atlantic wolffish is caught at depths less than 120 m. Proportion of the catch taken at depth range 0-60 m decreased from 2003 to 2007, but since then it has been increasing. At the depth range 61-120 m the proportion of the catch has been rather stable since 2000. At depths from 121 to 180 m, which includes the main spawning ground (Látragrunn), it the proportion of the catch increased in 2003-2008 but since then it has been decreasing (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Atlantic wolffish. Spatial distribution of the Icelandic fishery by fishing area since 2000 according to logbooks. All gears combined.

Figure 3: Atlantic wolffish. Depth distribution of demersal trawl, longline and demersal seine catches according to logbooks.

Landings trend

More than 97% of the Atlantic wolffish catch is taken by longliners (50-65%), demersal trawlers (20-30%) and demersal seiners (about 10%) (Figure 4). These proportions have been relatively stable through the years. However, in 2004-2008 longline and demersal trawl catches were similar (40-50%) and in the last three years catches by demersal seiners hasve been increasing and are now greater than in demersal trawlers (Figure 4). Since 2001, the number of longliners and trawlers reporting Atlantic wolffish catches of 10 tonnes/year or more has decreased. In the longline fleet, the number of vessels has dropped from 198 in 2001, down to 36 in 2023. The number of trawlers has also decreased significantly from 76 in 2000 to 49 in the last year (Table 1).

Figure 4: Atlantic wolffish. Total catch (landings) by fishing gear since 1994, according to statistics from the Directorate of Fisheries.

In 1994 and 1995, more than 500 vessels accounted for 95% of the annual catch of Atlantic wolffish in Icelandic waters, but this number had dropped to 200 vessels in 2008 despite higher catches. Since 2010 the number of vessels accounting for 95% of the annual catch has remained relatively constant (about 150-200 vessels), despite catch reductions (Figure 5).

Table 1: Atlantic wolffish. Number of Icelandic boats and catches by fleet segment participating in the Atlantic wolffish fishery from logbooks.
Year	nr. longlines	nr. bottom trawls	nr. seiners	nr. other gear	Catch longlines	Catch bottom trawls	Catch seiners	Catch other gear	Total
2000	161	53	16	0	8687	3380	528	0	12595
2001	195	59	14	1	11267	3391	513	11	15182
2002	140	44	13	0	7773	3735	601	0	12110
2003	138	45	19	0	7785	5463	1066	0	14313
2004	103	34	29	0	4670	4773	1609	0	11052
2005	91	47	24	1	5445	6893	1140	30	13508
2006	120	48	25	0	6626	6286	1149	0	14061
2007	105	60	24	0	5259	7566	1338	0	14163
2008	87	60	22	3	4663	6960	1427	44	13093
2009	114	55	28	1	6708	5468	1205	10	13391
2010	74	46	20	3	5916	4436	842	92	11286
2011	64	37	18	0	5344	3565	1010	0	9918
2012	66	24	22	1	5328	2827	895	41	9091
2013	73	30	18	2	4652	2341	647	22	7662
2014	70	23	13	1	3681	1637	891	11	6220
2015	56	34	17	2	3989	1905	926	28	6848
2016	61	37	18	2	4848	1662	1127	25	7661
2017	59	28	18	2	3829	1102	1095	23	6049
2018	60	37	27	6	4923	1587	2186	74	8770
2019	64	34	21	1	4595	1630	2168	11	8404
2020	46	38	24	1	2491	2046	2040	11	6588
2021	45	48	22	0	3343	3021	2086	0	8451
2022	40	48	23	0	2706	2986	2275	0	7967
2023	36	49	20	0	3154	2756	2388	0	8298

Figure 5: Atlantic wolffish. Number of vessels (all gear types) accounting for 95% of the total catch annually since 1994. Left: Plotted against year. Right: Plotted against total catch. Data from the Directorate of Fisheries.

Data available

The commercial catch samples taken are normally representative of the landings with most number of samples taken in areas of high catch intensity (Figure 7).

Figure 6: Atlantic wolffish. Spatial distribution of length samples (black dots) from commercial catches in Icelandic waters (upper) and numbers of samples taken per month by project (bars) and proportion of landings per month (black line) (lower).

Landings and discards

Landings by Icelandic vessels are given by the Icelandic Directorate of Fisheries. Landings of Norwegian and Faroese vessels are given by the Icelandic Coast Guard. Discarding is banned by law in the Icelandic demersal fishery, as well as in Norway. Measures in the Icelandic management system such as converting quota share from one species to another are used by the Icelandic fleet to a large extent, and this is thought to discourage discards in mixed fisheries.

Sampling from commercial catches

In 1969-1997, on average 500 otoliths were sampled annually, except in 1970, 1973, and 1974 when no otoliths were sampled. In 1999, the effort of sampling Atlantic wolffish from commercial catch was increased. In the years 1999-2014 annual sampling of aged fish was 1600-3000 or on average 2200, but since 2015 this average has been around 1200 fish. In 2023, a total of 12, 21 and 25 samples were collected from longline, demersal trawl and demersal seine catches, respectively (Table 2, Figure 6).

Table 2: . Atlantic wolffish. Number of samples and aged fish from landed catch of Atlantic wolffish.
Year	Longline (nr. of samples)	Longline (nr. fish)	Bottom trawl (nr. of samples)	Bottom trawl (nr. fish)	Demersal seine (nr. of samples)	Demersal seine (nr. fish)
2000	29	1395	18	752	4	200
2001	27	1343	11	509	3	150
2002	25	1240	16	645	2	100
2003	31	1525	20	899	6	300
2004	19	950	23	1060	8	400
2005	15	746	25	1202	6	292
2006	23	1110	21	1029	5	250
2007	18	900	25	1250	10	451
2008	19	950	25	1248	4	200
2009	16	800	20	999	4	200
2010	29	1669	19	1090	5	285
2011	14	750	15	778	9	550
2012	26	1300	14	700	7	350
2013	25	1249	14	691	4	200
2014	30	800	26	675	28	700
2015	25	625	19	479	19	474
2016	25	625	13	325	9	225
2017	23	575	9	220	6	150
2018	22	550	9	225	17	425
2019	22	550	11	276	20	500
2020	9	225	14	350	16	400
2021	14	350	25	625	15	375
2022	3	60	23	465	17	338
2023	12	240	21	420	25	499

Length composition

The length distribution of landed Atlantic wolffish has been relatively stable since 2005 (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Atlantic wolffish. Length distribution from the Icelandic fleet from 2005-2023.

Age composition

Age composition data are available from surveys and from commercial catch. Commercial age data are available from earlier periods (1978). In samples from commercial landings, the mean age of Atlantic wolffish was around 10.7 years in 1999. Since then, mean age in samples from commercial catches has generally been increasing to around 12 years in recent years. In 2023, 8-16 year old fish are most common in catch (Figure 8 and Figure 9)

Figure 8: Atlantic wolffish. Catch at age from the commercial fishery in Iceland waters. Bar size is indicative of the catch in numbers and bars are coloured by cohort.

Figure 9: Atlantic wolffish. Catch at age from the commercial fishery in Iceland waters. Biomass caught by year and age; bars are coloured by cohort.

Weight-at-age

Weight-at-age data in Icelandic waters are available from 1996. Weight of the oldest year classes has been above average for the past years (Figure 10). Catch weight are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Atlantic wolffish. Catch weights by age from the commercial fishery in Icelandic waters.

Catch and effort

CPUE estimates of Atlantic wolffish in Icelandic waters are not considered representative of stock abundance, as changes in fleet composition, technical improvements and differences in gear setup among other things have not been accounted for when estimating CPUE. Non-standardized estimates of CPUE in longline (kg/1000 hooks), and demersal trawl (kg/hour), are calculated as the total weight in sets or tows in which Atlantic wolffish was more than 10% of the catch, according to logbooks. Effort of demersal trawl was defined as the number hours towed, and for longline number of hooks, in both cases where Atlantic wolffish was more than 10% of the catch. CPUE in longline vessels has been similar among years prior to 2018, around 100-150 kg/1000 hooks. CPUE of demersal trawl increased from about 230 to 400 kg/h in 2000-2005, but since 2006 it has fluctuated at around 250-300 kg/h (Figure 12). Both indices have shown a sharp decrease over the past three years. Fishing effort in longline increased from 66 million hooks in 2000 to 97 million hooks in 2001. Since then it has been generally decreasing and was around 22 million hooks in 2018. In demersal trawl, fishing effort increased from about 14 thousand tow-hours in 2004 to 23 thousand tow-hours in 2008, followed by a sharp decrease to 4.8 thousand tow-hours in 2014. Since then it has increased.

Figure 12: Atlantic wolffish. Non-standardized estimates of CPUE for demersal trawl (left, kg/h) and longline (right, kg/1000 hooks).

Survey data

The Icelandic spring groundfish survey (hereafter spring survey, IGFS), which has been conducted annually in March since 1985, covers the most important distribution area of Atlantic wolffish in Icelandic waters. In addition, the Icelandic autumn groundfish survey (hereafter autumn survey, IAGS) was started in 1996 and expanded in 2000. However, a full autumn survey was not conducted in 2011 due to a labour strike. Because the spring survey covers the main distribution area, it is considered adequate to measure changes in abundance/biomass of Atlantic wolffish better than the autumn survey. Total biomass and harvestable biomass indices decreased from 1985-1995. In 1996, the biomass index increased to 1998, then decreased to a historical low level in 2010-2012, but since then it has been increasing Figure 14). The harvestable biomass has generally been increasing from 1995 with considerable oscillators. The recruitment index was high in the years 1992-2003, since 1999 it has been decreasing, which coincides with increasing effort and catch of trawlers at the main spawning ground west of Iceland (Látragrunn) during the spawning and incubation time. The recruitment index reached a historical low level in 2011, but since then it has been rather stable or increased slightly. This coincides with that the closed spawning/incubation area on Látragrunn was enlarged from 500 km2 (from 2002) to 1000 km2 in October 2010.

When the spring survey is conducted, Atlantic wolffish are on their feeding grounds which are commonly in relatively shallow waters. In the spring survey, the highest abundance has always been measured in the NW area (Figure 15).

Figure 13: Atlantic wolffish. Location and abundance of ling in the spring survey (SMB) in 2024 and the autumn survey (SMH) in 2023.

Figure 14: Atlantic wolffish. Total biomass indices (upper left) and harvestable biomass indices (≥60 cm, upper right), large fish biomass indices (≥80 cm, lower left) and juvenile abundance indices (≤40 cm, lower right), from the spring survey (blue) and the autumn survey (red), along with the standard deviation.

Figure 15: Atlantic wolffish. Spatial distribution of biomass index from the spring and autumn survey.

Figure 16: Atlantic wolffish. Length distribution from the spring and autumn survey.

Figure 17: Atlantic wolffish. Age disaggregated indices in the autumn survey (left), gillnet survey (middle) and the spring survey (right). Fill colours indicate cohorts. Note different scales on y-axes.

Stock weight at age

Mean weight at age in the survey is shown in Figure 16. Stock weights are obtained from the groundfish survey in March and are also used as mean weight at age in the spawning stock.

Figure 18: Atlantic wolffish. Stock weights from the spring survey in Icelandic waters. Bars are coloured by cohort.

Stock maturity and natural mortality

Females have the most reliable maturity designations; a maturation scale for males is unavailable. Therefore, maturity analysis is based on females caught during the autumn survey and in commercial catches from June – December. From these data, maturation occurs close to 60 cm and around age 10 but is highly variable and difficult to measure. Proportion mature at age has increased for the past 20 years for most age gorups (Figure 19 and Figure 20. No information is available on natural mortality. For assessment and advisory purposes, the natural mortality is set to 0.15 for all age groups.

Figure 19: Atlantic wolffish. Maturity at age in the survey. Bars are coloured by cohort. The values are used to calculate the spawning stock.

Figure 20: Atlantic wolffish. Proportion mature at age from the spring survey.

Data analysis

Assessment on Atlantic wolffish in Icelandic waters using SAM

Atlantic wolffish in 5a is new to ICES and an assessment method was established during benchmark in april 2022. Atlantic wolffish became part of the ICES assessment process after an MoU between Iceland and ICES was signed in December 1st 2019. During the benchmark in April 2022, a SAM model (State-space stock assessment model) was agreed upon for use in the assessment.

Data used by the assessment and model settings

The new assessment model is a statistical catch at age model based on:

commercial catch-at-age and landings data from 1979 onwards,
the Icelandic spring groundfish survey from 1985,
the autumn groundfish survey in Iceland from 2000.

The maximum age of the model is 16, which is considered a plus group. The assessment showed that SSB has been rather stable over the time period, while fishing mortality has gradually decreased, and recruitment has slightly decreased after 2001 but remained stable.

Natural mortality of 0.15 was chosen for all age groups. During the workshop, a wide range of estimates for natural mortality were tested and none showed a significant improvement in terms of model fit. It was therefore decided to use a M of 0.15.

Diagnostics

Figure 21 shows the overall fit to the survey indices described in the stock annex and catch. In general, the model appears to follow the stock trends historically. Furthermore, the terminal estimate is not seen to deviate substantially from the observed value for most age groups. The overview of model parameter estimates are shown in Figure 27.

Figure 21: Atlantic wolffish. Model fit to indices from the spring survey, autumn survey and catch. Black dots are observed values and the black line is the model fit.

Figure 22: Atlantic wolffish. Model fit to landings Black dots are observed values and the black line is the model fit.

Model results

Model results show that Atlantic wolffish total biomass levels decreased from high levels in 2000 – 2012 but have increased since then and are now at its highest level. Recruitment levels have also increased after being at the lowest level in 2011. Spawning stock biomass has also shown a steady increase since 1992 (Figure 23).

Retrospective analysis

The results of an analytical retrospective analysis are presented in Figure 24. The analysis indicates relatively stable estimation, except in the earliest peel. Mohn’s rho was estimated to be -0.0428503 for SSB, 0.0534171 for F, and -0.0694343 for recruitment.

Figure 24: Atlantic wolffish. Retrospective plots illustrating stability in model estimates over a 5-year “peel” in data. Results of spawning stock biomass, fishing mortality F, and recruitment (age 4) are shown.

Neither observation nor process residuals show obvious trends (Figure 25 and Figure 26).

Figure 25: Atlantic wolffish. Observation error residuals of the SAM model.

Figure 26: Atlantic wolffish. Process error residuals of the SAM model.

Figure 27: Atlantic wolffish. Illustration of estimated model parameters.

Reference points

As part of the WKICEMP 2022 HCR evaluations (ICES 2022c), the following reference points were defined.

Table 3: Atlantic wolffish. Reference points adopted from ICES WKICEMP 2022
Framework	Reference_point	Value	Technical_basis
MSY Approach	MSY Btrigger	21000	Bpa
	FMSY	0.2	F that produces MSY in the long term

Precautionary Approach	Blim	18500	Bloss (SSB in 2002)
	Bpa	21000	Blim x e1.645 * σB
	Flim	0.33	Fishing mortality that in stochastic equilibrium will result in median SSB at Blim.
	Fpa	0.2	Maximum F at which the probability of SSB falling below Blim is <5%
Management plan	MGT Btrigger	21000	According to the harvest control rule
	FMGT	0.2	According to the harvest control rule

Current Advisory Framework

Reference points were calculated for the stock. This resulted in B\(_{pa}\) of 21 000 t, based on the lowest estimate of SSB observed after the 2001 shift in recruitment had been observed (2002), and B\(_{lim}\) = B\(_{pa} e^{-1.645\sigma_B}\) of 18 500 t, with \(\sigma_B\) being set to the ICES default of 0.2. The fishing pressure estimates, defined in terms of fishing mortality applied to ages from 10 to 15, were estimated in accordance to the ICES guidelines. This resulted in an estimate of F\(_{lim}\) of 0.33, F\(_{p05}\) of 0.20 and F\(_{msy}\) of 0.20. The MSY B\(_{trigger}\) was set as B\(_{pa}\).

A Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) was conducted for Atlantic wolffish in 5a. The operating model, which generates the “true” future populations in the simulations, was based on equilibrium simulations (eqsim). Selection, maturity and stock weights were based on the resampling of estimates by age from previous 10 years. Recruitment was projected using a log-normal distribution based on the distribution of CVs and autocorrelations estimated by the assessment model with MCMC resampling with a break point in B\(_{lim}\). Advice error in the simulations was implemented as auto-correlated log-normal variations in F, with a CV of 0.212 and \(\rho\) of 0.423.

The proposed HCR for the Icelandic Atlantic wolffish fishery, which sets a TAC for the fishing year y/y+1 (September 1 of year y to August 31 of year y+1) based on a fishing mortality \(F_{mgt}\) of 0.20 applied to ages 10 to 15 modified by the ratio SSB\(_{y}\)/MGT B\(_{trigger}\) when SSB\(_y\) < MGT B\(_{trigger}\), maintains a high yield while being precautionary as it results in lower than 5% probability of SSB < B\(_{lim}\) in the medium and long term.

Management

The Ministry of Industries and Innovation is responsible for management of the Icelandic fisheries and implementation of legislation. Atlantic wolffish was included in the ITQ system in the 1996/1997 quota year and as such subjected to TAC limitations. From that time to the fishing year 2004/2005, the catch was on average 5% more than recommended by the MRI, although in some years it was lower than advised TAC. In the fishing years 2005/2006 to 2011/2012, the catch was on average around 34% above the advised TAC. The main reasons were that national TAC was set higher than the advised TAC, and quota of other species were being transferred to Atlantic wolffish quota (Table 4, Figure 28). Net transfer of Atlantic wolffish quota for each fishing year is usually less than 10%.

Table 4: Atlantic wolffish. Recommended TAC, national TAC, and catches (tonnes).
Fishing year	Recommended catch	National TAC	Catches Iceland	Catch other nations	Total catch
1998/1999	13000	13000	13138	105	13139
1999/2000	13000	13000	14913	23	14913
2000/2001	13000	13000	18083	147	18083
2001/2002	13000	16100	13681	86	13681
2002/2003	15000	15000	16942	95	16943
2003/2004	15000	15000	13255	86	13255
2004/2005	13000	16000	14201	84	14201
2005/2006	13000	13000	16461	66	16461
2006/2007	12000	13000	15817	88	15817
2007/2008	11000	12500	15098	65	15098
2008/2009	12000	13000	15429	73	15429
2009/2010	10000	12000	13091	27	13091
2010/2011	8500	12000	11669	17	12078
2011/2012	7500	10500	10582	24	10582
2012/2013	7500	8500	8940	16	8940
2013/2014	7500	7500	7500	6	7530
2014/2015	7500	7500	7829	33	7862
2015/2016	8200	8200	8910	72	8982
2016/2017	8811	8811	7510	32	7542
2017/2018	8540	8540	9515	38	9553
2018/2019	9020	9020	9330	25	9355
2019/2020	8344	8344	7149	17	7166
2020/2021	8761	8761	8953	21	8974
2021/2022	8933	8933	8550	12	8562
2022/2023	8107	8107	8691	42	8733
2023/2024	8344	8344
2024/2025	9378

Figure 28: Atlantic wolffish. Net transfer of quota to and from ling in the Icelandic ITQ system by fishing year. Between species (upper): Positive values indicate a transfer of other species to ling, but negative values indicate a transfer of ling quota to other species. Between years (lower): Transfer of quota from given quota year to the next quota year.

Management considerations

A reduction in fishing mortality has led to harvestable biomass and SSB that seem to be stable. Atlantic wolffish is a slow-growing late-maturing species, therefore closures of known spawning areas should be maintained and expanded if needed. Similarly, closed areas fishing where there is high juvenile abundance should also be maintained and expanded if needed.

Ecosystem considerations

Most fishing for Atlantic wolffish occurs in the northwest and west of Iceland, where the fastest growing Atlantic wolffish are found. A likely cause for differences in growth is environmental differences between the relatively warm southwestern waters versus colder northeaster waters. However, Atlantic wolffish are also highly sedentary, especially while guarding nests during spawning and rearing season, and therefore additional metapopulation structure cannot be excluded. Therefore, it is possible that local depletion may occur in more heavily fished areas despite a stable overall biomass level.

Summary of the assessment

::: {#tbl-table5 .cell tbl-cap=’ Atlantic wolffish. Assessment summary by calendar year. Catches are ICES estimates.’} ::: {.cell-output-display}

Year	Recruitment (age 4)	2.5% lower CI	97.5% upper CI	2.5% lower CI	SSB	97.5% upper CI	2.5% lower CI	F ages 10-15	97.5% upper CI	Catch (tonnes)
1979	19159	15975	22978	13388	15377	17662	0.27	0.36	0.48	10775
1980	18158	15476	21305	13768	16059	18732	0.20	0.27	0.36	8857
1981	19048	16424	22092	15294	17869	20876	0.21	0.27	0.34	8621
1982	18926	16424	21810	16799	19574	22807	0.18	0.22	0.27	8435
1983	18405	16045	21112	19058	22037	25480	0.22	0.27	0.33	12214
1984	17204	15102	19597	20295	23206	26534	0.20	0.24	0.29	10249
1985	17367	15331	19674	21402	24274	27531	0.15	0.18	0.22	9708
1986	16931	14982	19133	23797	26852	30298	0.19	0.23	0.27	12147
1987	17651	15650	19907	25029	28104	31557	0.21	0.24	0.29	12605
1988	16941	15032	19092	25035	28037	31399	0.26	0.31	0.37	14611
1989	17416	15473	19604	23858	26488	29407	0.23	0.28	0.33	14128
1990	18888	16796	21239	24624	27115	29857	0.26	0.31	0.36	14534
1991	21063	18766	23642	24138	26581	29272	0.32	0.38	0.45	18015
1992	22515	20069	25260	20632	22849	25305	0.34	0.40	0.46	16079
1993	24200	21448	27304	17074	18979	21097	0.30	0.35	0.41	11112
1994	24832	21822	28257	15015	16630	18419	0.28	0.33	0.38	11344
1995	19108	17047	21417	15317	16830	18494	0.27	0.32	0.37	11393
1996	20278	18186	22611	16603	18054	19631	0.32	0.37	0.44	14781
1997	21395	19154	23897	17927	19262	20696	0.24	0.28	0.33	11737
1998	20610	18506	22954	18866	20143	21507	0.22	0.25	0.29	11995
1999	17322	15589	19249	19607	20958	22401	0.23	0.26	0.30	13961
2000	15993	14388	17777	19044	20391	21834	0.21	0.25	0.28	15101
2001	18466	16640	20494	18842	20229	21719	0.24	0.27	0.31	18169
2002	16637	14914	18558	18585	19956	21428	0.18	0.21	0.24	14385
2003	15942	14232	17857	21099	22718	24461	0.21	0.24	0.28	16536
2004	15749	14151	17528	22328	24089	25988	0.18	0.20	0.23	13260
2005	12692	11257	14310	21884	23609	25470	0.18	0.21	0.24	15294
2006	11786	10631	13067	21885	23622	25496	0.22	0.25	0.28	16488
2007	9691	8696	10800	22644	24399	26291	0.23	0.27	0.31	16204
2008	10239	9203	11390	23070	24881	26834	0.21	0.24	0.28	14694
2009	10725	9577	12012	22654	24455	26399	0.24	0.27	0.31	15280
2010	11349	10197	12632	20489	22174	23998	0.23	0.26	0.30	12634
2011	10229	9166	11415	19378	21074	22919	0.21	0.24	0.28	11372
2012	9229	8260	10313	18736	20393	22197	0.21	0.24	0.28	10217
2013	10099	9020	11306	18458	20135	21963	0.18	0.21	0.24	8798
2014	10389	9260	11656	18605	20291	22129	0.16	0.19	0.22	7328
2015	11249	9982	12676	21277	23183	25260	0.15	0.18	0.21	8041
2016	12307	10873	13931	23826	25954	28273	0.17	0.20	0.23	8699
2017	12982	11402	14780	25449	27767	30296	0.17	0.20	0.23	7275
2018	13728	11982	15728	24867	27179	29707	0.21	0.24	0.28	9694
2019	13986	12130	16126	24641	27086	29773	0.19	0.22	0.26	9215
2020	14242	12240	16573	24885	27500	30390	0.15	0.18	0.21	7340
2021	13946	11830	16441	27153	30180	33545	0.17	0.21	0.25	9063
2022	14992	12499	17981	28094	31447	35200	0.15	0.19	0.23	8739
2023	18790	15138	23322	29420	33215	37500	0.15	0.19	0.24	8774
2024	20256	15414	26621	30306	34565	39421	-	-	-	-

::: :::

References

Gunnarsson, Á., Hjörleifsson, E., Thórarinsson, K., Marteinsdóttir, G., 2006. Growth, maturity and fecundity of wolffish Anarhichas lupus L. in Icelandic waters. Journal of Fish Biology, 68, 1158-1176. doi: 10.1111/j.1095- 8649.2006.00990.

Gunnarsson, Á., Sólmundsson, J., Björnsson, H., Sigurðsson, G., Pampoulie, C., 2019. Migration pattern and evidence of homing in Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus). Fisheries Research, 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2019.03.001

ICES. 2022. Workshop on the evaluation of assessments and management plans for ling, tusk, plaice and Atlantic wolffish in Icelandic waters (WKICEMP). ICES Scientific Reports. 4:37. 271 pp. http://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.19663971