BLUE LING Molva dypterygia

General information

Blue ling is most common in south, west and northwest of Iceland along the Icelandic continental shelf, in deeper areas than most of the other gadoids. It is smaller than the common ling, reaching an average length of ~80 cm and a maximum of around 150 cm according to the Icelandic autumn groundfish survey. Sexual maturity is reached at 75-90 cm, males mature smaller/younger than females.

The fishery

Geographical distribution of the Icelandic blue ling fisheries from 2003 –2023 is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
The geographical distribution of the Icelandic blue ling fisheries from 2004 to 2023 indicates an expansion of the fishery of blue ling to north-western waters. This increase may partly be the result of increased availability of blue ling in the north-western area.

Figure 1: Blue ling Geographical distribution of the Icelandic blue ling fishery since 2004 as reported in logbooks. All gear types combined..

Figure 2: Blue ling. Catch distribution and proportions by area according to logbooks. All gears combined.

Before 2008, the majority of blue ling catches were by trawlers, as bycatch in fisheries targeting Greenland halibut, redfish, cod and other demersal species (Table 1). Most of the catches by trawlers are taken in waters shallower than 700 m and by longliners until 2008 mostly at depths shallower than 600 m (Figure 3). After 2007 there was a substantial change in the fishery for blue ling (Table 1 and Figure 4). The proportion of catches taken by longliners increased from 7–20% in 2001–2007 to around 70% in 2011 as longliners started targeting blue ling. The trend has reversed and in 2015–2023 the proportion of longline catches decreased to 10–30%. At the same time longliners started fishing in deeper waters than before 2008 and until 2013 the bulk of the longline catches were taken at depths greater than 500 m. In recent years, the depth distribution resembles the distribution observed before 2008, or at depths less than 400 m (Figure 3). Preliminary total landings in 2023 were 412 tonnes of which the Icelandic fleet caught 404 tonnes (Table 6). Catches of blue ling increased by more than 370% between 2006 and 2010, the main part of this increases can be attributed to increased targeting of blue ling by the longline fleet. Since then, catches decreased compared to 2010 or by around 6000 tonnes (Table 1).

Figure 3: Blue ling. Depth distribution and proportion of longlines (LLN) (right) and trawls (BMT) (left) catches according to logbook entries.

Figure 4: Blue ling. Total catch (landings) and proportion by fishing gear since 2000 according to logbooks.

Table 1: Blue ling. Number of Icelandic boats with blue ling landings and their total landings in 5a.

Year	Nr..Bottom.Trawl	Nr..Long.Line	Nr..Other	Bottom.Trawl	Long.Line	Other	Total.catch
2000	108	44	36	801	808	25	1634
2001	110	39	48	597	131	34	762
2002	105	41	25	986	256	23	1264
2003	105	47	33	883	197	17	1098
2004	112	53	45	894	145	44	1083
2005	106	60	51	1261	108	126	1496
2006	105	69	47	1477	151	107	1734
2007	97	90	64	1544	374	76	1995
2008	95	92	61	2111	1454	88	3653
2009	89	87	69	2242	1677	211	4129
2010	85	96	73	2202	3978	198	6378
2011	81	97	58	1630	4140	134	5904
2012	79	78	52	1449	2425	332	4207
2013	75	72	45	1300	1420	48	2769
2014	72	74	36	923	628	43	1594
2015	67	78	36	821	868	22	1712
2016	66	54	31	701	213	10	925
2017	57	53	26	436	169	14	619
2018	65	60	20	363	132	7	502
2019	58	54	27	238	161	16	415
2020	58	47	21	264	71	9	344
2021	59	41	20	286	33	4	323
2022	55	37	20	338	86	2	427
2023	52	36	21	304	96	4	404

Cpue and effort

Effort and nominal CPUE data from the Icelandic trawl and longline fleet are given in Figure 5. Due to changes in the fishery (expansion into new areas, fleet behaviour, etc.) and technical innovations CPUE is not considered a reliable index of biomass abundance of blue ling and therefore no attempt has been made to standardize the series. However, looking at fluctuations in CPUE and effort may be informative regarding the development of the fishery. CPUE from longlines was high from 2008-2013 but has decreased markedly since. CPUE from trawls has been gradually decreasing in the period. Effort from bottom trawls peaked in 2009 but has since then decreased sharply. Effort from longlines peaked in 2011 but has remained relatively stable since.

Figure 5: Blue ling. Catch per unit effort (left) and effort (right) from longlines (blue) and trawls (blue) in 5.a based on logbook data where blue ling was recorded in catches.

Landings and discards

Landing data from Icelandic fishing grounds are given in Table 1 and Table 6. Discarding is banned in the Icelandic fishery. There is no available information on discarding of blue ling. Being a relatively valuable species with no minimum landing size there should be little incentive to discard blue ling. Furthermore, blue ling was not subjected to TAC constraints before the 2013/2014 fishing year.

Sampling from commercial catches

In general sampling is considered adequate from commercial catches from the main gears (longlines and trawls). The sampling does seem to cover the spatial distribution of catches for trawls. Similarly, sampling does seem to follow the temporal distribution of catches (ICES 2012). Fishing areas and sampling from bottom trawl in 2023 is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Blue ling. top figure: Distribution of catches in 2023 and location of samples. Bottom figure: Ratio of samples by month (bars) compared with proportion landings by month (solid black line) split by year and main gear types. Numbers above the bars indicate the number of samples by year, month, and gear.

Table 2: Blue ling. Number of samples and length measurements from bottom trawls and longlines.

Year	Longline (nr. samples)	Longline (nr. measurements)	Bottom trawl (nr. samples)	Bottom trawl (nr. measurements)
2005	1	94	12	1164
2006	0	0	9	824
2007	2	238	12	1461
2008	14	1960	13	1685
2009	15	1940	23	2894
2010	38	5191	29	3161
2011	44	6513	12	1364
2012	27	3829	11	1135
2013	15	1564	6	757
2014	11	1222	5	411
2015	0	0	4	394
2016	0	0	3	309
2018	1	120	2	240
2019	1	120	1	114
2020	1	120	2	126
2021	0	0	7	353
2022	3	253	6	282
2023	1	69	5	406

Length distriburtion of the catch

A total of 6 samples were collected in 2023, 5 from bottom trawls and 1 from longlines (Table 2, Figure 6). Length distributions from the Icelandic trawl and longline catches for the period 2005–2023 are shown in Figure 7. Due to a mistake, no length measures were called for from commercial catches in 2017.

Figure 7: Blue ling. Length distribution from the bottom trawl and longline fishery from 2005-2023.

Icelandic survey data

Time-series stratified abundance and biomass indices from the spring and autumn groundfish surveys are shown in Figure 8 and length distributions from the autumn survey and its spatial distribution in Figure 9 and Figure 10. No estimates are available from the autumn survey for 2011.

Figure 8: Blue ling. Survey abundance indices for blue ling in the Icelandic autumn survey since 2000 (red points and vertical lines) and the spring survey since 1985 (faded lines and shaded area). Total biomass index (top-left), biomass of 40 cm and larger (top-right), biomass of 70 cm and larger (bottom-left) and abundance - standard error of the estimate. Biomass in thousand tonnes.

Figure 9: Blue ling. Distribution and abundance of blue ling in IS=SMB (2024) and IS-SMH (2023).

Figure 10: Blue ling. Spatial distribution of biomass index from the Icelandic autumn survey in 1996-2023.

Figure 11: Blue ling. Length distribution from the Icelandic autumn survey since 1995.

Data analysis

Age composition

No new data were available. Existing data are not presented due to the difficulties in the ageing of this species.

Weight-at-age

No new data were available. Existing data are not presented because of difficulty in ageing.

Maturity and natural mortality

Length at 50% maturity is estimated at roughly 77 cm and the range for 10–90% maturity is 65–90 cm. No information is available on natural mortality (M).

Landings and sampling

Catches from the Icelandic longline fleet increased rapidly from 2007–2010 resulting in a rapid expansion of the fishing area and change in the selectivity of the fishery although there are now strong indications since 2012 that this may have reversed (Table 1). In 2005 longliners caught 108 tonnes of blue ling when trawlers caught 1261 tonnes or 84% of the total catches (1496 tonnes). In 2011 trawlers caught 1630 tonnes, out of 5904 tonnes or 28%, but longliners 4140 tonnes or 70%. Since then, the proportion taken by longliners has decreased and in 2023 longliners caught 25% of the catches and trawls 74% (Table 1, Figure 4). As longliners take on average larger blue ling this will have resulted in an overall change in the selection pattern in 2006–2015. Total catches by the Icelandic fleet decreased between 2010 and 2013 and this decrease is mainly the result of decrease in trawls in 2011 but in longlines in 2012 and 2013. The expansion of the longline fleet to deeper waters (Figure 3) may be the result of decreased catch rates in shallower areas.

CPUE and effort

As stated above, CPUE indices from commercial catches are not considered a reliable index of stock abundance. Therefore, the rapid increase in CPUE from longlines should not be viewed only as an increase in stock biomass but might also be the result of increased interest by the longline fleet and its expansion into deeper waters (Figure 3). In 2011-2012 there was a slight decrease in CPUE from longline, but the CPUE increased again in 2013 to its highest value in the time-series. CPUE from trawling has remained at low levels while effort increased until about 2009 after which it has decreased (Figure 5).

Surveys

The spring survey covers only the shallower part of the depth distributional range of blue ling and shows high interannual variance (Figure 9). It is thus unknown to what extent the spring indices reflect actual changes in total blue ling biomass, given that it does not cover the depths where largest abundance of blue ling occurs. It is however not driven by isolated large catches at a few survey stations. The shorter autumn survey, which goes to greater depths and is therefore more likely to reflect the true biomass dynamics, does indicate that there was an increase in blue ling biomass 2007-2009 (Figure 8). Since 2010 the biomass index has decreased to similar levels as observed in 2002–2005. A large increase of more than 200% in the recruitment index was observed in 2008 but in the 2010 it had decreased again to its lowest observed value and has not increased again for nine years, with the exception of 2017, when an increase was observed (Figure 9 and Figure 10). As a result, mean length measured in the autumn survey has been higher after 2009 than it was before. Due to industrial action, only part of the autumn survey was conducted in 2011.

Stock assessment

Exploratory assessment using GADGET

An exploratory stock assessment of blue ling using the Gadget model was presented at ICES 2012. Updated results of the model were presented at ICES 2023.

Comments on the assessment and advice

The assessment is based on ICES \(rfb\)-rule for data limited stocks for the first time in 2021, where life history traits, exploitation characteristics and other relevant parameters for data-limited stocks are considered (ICES 2021). The \(rfb\)-rule has the following form:

\[ A_{y+1} = A_{y-1} \ {r}\ {f} \ {b} \ {m} \]

where \(A_{y+1}\) is the advised catch, \(A_{y-1}\) is last years advice, \(r\) corresponds to the trend in biomass index (as in the current ICES “2 over 3” rule), \(f\) is a proxy for the exploitation (mean catch length divided by an MSY reference length) and \(b\) a biomass safeguard (reducing the catch when biomass index drops below a trigger value).

the advice for fishing years 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 was 259 t.

\(r\) is the ratio of the mean of the last two survey indices and the mean of the three preceding values or:

\[ \begin{align} r = \frac{ \sum_{i=y-2}^{y-1}I_1/2 }{ \sum_{i=y-3}^{y-5}I_1/3} \end{align} \]

\(f\) is the length-ratio component where

\[ f = \frac{ \overline{L}_{y-1} } {L_{F=M}} \]

where \(\overline{L}\) is is the mean catch length above \(L_{F=M}\). \(L_{F=M}\) is calculated as:

\[ L_{F=M} = 0.75L_c + 0.25L_\infty \] where \(L_c\) is length at first capture and \(L\infty\) is von Bertalanffy \(L\infty\).

\(b\) is the biomass safeguard and is used to reduce catch advice when index falls below trigger \[ b=min(1, I{_y-1}/I_{trigger}) \] where \(I_{trigger}\) = \(i_{loss\omega}\)

\(m\) is a multiplier based on stock growth. \(K\) for blue ling is < 0.2 and therefore \(m\) is 0.95.

Analysis on the assessment and advice

The assessment is based on the rfb-rule for ICES category 3 data-limited stocks and is applied for blue ling for the first time in 2022/23 and is a biennial advice and thus, applied for the next two fishing years (2022/23 and 2023/2024). The Icelandic autumn trawl survey (IS-SMH) was used as the index for the stock development. The advice is in accordance to Ay+1 = Ay-1 r f b m or 259 t * 1.226 * 1.02 * 1 * 0.95 which result is advice for 2024/2025 and for 2025/2026 set at 307 t (19% increase from last year’s advice).

Table 3: Blue ling. Advice calculations

Catch advice for 2022/2023	259
Stock biomass trend
Index A (2022--2023)	1058
Index B (2019--2021)	862
Index ratio (A/B)	1.23
Fishing pressure proxy
Mean catch length (Lmean=L2023)	97.1
MSY proxy length (LF=M)	95.25
Fishing pressure proxy relative to MSY proxy (L2023/LF=M)	1.02
Biomass safeguard
Last index value (I2023)	1420
Index trigger value (Itrigger=Iloss×1.4)	802
Index relative to trigger value, min{I2022/Itrigger, 1}	1
Precautionary multiplier to maintain biomass above Blim with 95% probability
Multiplier (generic multiplier based on life history)	0.95
Uncertainty cap (+20%/-30% compared to Ay, only applied if b≥1)	Ekki beitt - *Not applied*
Catch advice for 2022/2023 and 2023/2024*	307 t
% advice change	+19 %

Application of the rfb-rule

• r is calculated as the average of last two years values, divided by average of three preceding years values which results in r=1.226 (Figure 12, Table 4)

Figure 12: Blue ling. Biomass index since 2000. No index is in the year 2011 (No survey). The red lines show the average of last two years values and the three preceding years.

• f is the length-ratio component. The mean length of last years´ catch was 97 cm and the target reference length (Lc, the length where frequency is half that of the modal value * 0.75 + L∞ * 0.25) is 95.25 (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Blue ling. Mean catch length since 1976. The blue line is the target reference length

Figure 14: Blue ling. Length frequency distribution from catches in 2018-2023. The red line is the length at first capture and the black line is the modal abundance.

•b is the biomass safeguard and is used to reduce catch advice when index falls below trigger. The lowest index or the Iloss for blue ling is 574 and was recorded in the year 2000. Itrigger is Iloss *1.4 or 803.75 (Figure 14). Biomass index this year is 915 and above Itrigger and b is therefore 1.

Figure 15: Blue ling. Biomass index values since 2000. The blue solid line is Itrigger and blue dotted line is the lowest observed value (Iloss).

• m is the tuning parameter and for slow growing species (with von Bertanlaffy K<0.2), m equals to 0.95.

Figure 16: Blue ling. Von Bertanlaffy growth curve

Exploring sensitivity of F with other L∞ values

The f and TAC are sensitive to different L∞ values (Figure 17, Table 4). The L∞ used in the assessment is the maximum length from Icelandic catches. The 99th and 95th percentiles were tested for sensitivity, as well as the L∞ from fishbase.org. Table 4 shows how higher L∞ values decrease f by increasing the target reference length. Increased L∞ values result in lower TAC as it decreases f. 

Table 4: Blue ling. Parameter sensitivity to different L∞ values. The max length value is 150 cm, the 99th percentile of maximum length value is 130 cm, the 95th percentile is 117 cm and the fishbase.org value is 160 cm.

	L∞ (max length)	L∞ (99. percentile)	L∞ (95. percentile)	L∞ (fishbase.org)
Previous advice	259.00	259.000	259.000	259.000
Index A	1058.00	1058.000	1058.000	1058.000
Index B	862.00	862.000	862.000	862.000
Ratio (A/B)	1.23	0.933	0.933	0.933
Target reference length	95.25	90.250	87.000	97.750
F (length ratio)	1.02	1.080	1.120	0.993
Biomass safeguard	1.00	1.000	1.000	1.000
Multiplier	0.95	0.950	0.950	0.950
Iloss	574.00	574.000	574.000	574.000
Itrigger	804.00	804.000	804.000	804.000
Advice	307.00	324.000	337.000	300.000
Stability clause	0.00	1.000	1.000	0.000
Final advice	307.00	311.000	311.000	300.000
Advice change %	19.00	20.000	20.000	16.000

Management

Before the 2013/2014 fishing year the Icelandic fishery was not regulated by a national TAC or ITQs. The only restrictions on the Icelandic fleet regarding the blue ling fishery were the introduction of closed areas in 2003 to protect known spawning locations of blue ling, which are in effect. As of the 2013/2014 fishing year, blue ling is regulated by the ITQ system (regulation 662/2013) used for many other Icelandic stocks such as cod, haddock, tusk and ling. Since 2021/2022, other species have been transferred to blue ling for the first time since it was regulated into the ITQ system (Figure 17).

Table 5: Blue ling. Recomended TAC, national TAC, and total catches (tonnes).

Fishing year	Advice	National TAC	Catch Iceland	Catch other	Total catch
2013/14	2400	2400	1655	6	1661
2014/15	3100	3100	1900	105	2005
2015/16	2550	2550	1097	10	1007
2016/17	2032	2032	636	3	639
2017/18	1956	1956	549	4	553
2018/19	1520	1520	464	7	471
2019/20	483	483	371	5	376
2020/21	406	406	365	12	377
2021/22	334	334	369	3	372
2022/23	259	259	477	10	487
2023/24	259	259
2024/25	307
2025/26	307

Figure 17: Blue ling. Net transfer of quota, from blue ling to other species and between years, in the Icelandic ITQ system by fishing year.

Management considerations

Landings have decreased considerably in the last year and as blue ling is now part of the ITQ system such a rapid increase in landings as observed between 2006 and 2011 is unlikely. Blue ling is caught in mixed fisheries by the trawler fleet, mainly targeting redfish and Greenland halibut. After the inclusion of blue ling in the ITQ system the longliners have shifted from a directed fishery to a more mixed fishery for the species. Because of the restrictions of the TAC the implications of low blue ling TAC for the trawlers can be considerable, although the species is a low percentage in their catches. Recruitment index from the autumn survey indicates very little recruitment to the stock since 2010, resulting in a truncated length distribution from both the survey and commercial catches. Closure of known spawning areas should be maintained and expanded where appropriate.

Conclutions

The biomass index is approaching its lowest values and only large blue ling are being caught, which is most likely because there has been no recruitment coming into the stock for nearly a decade. The findings presented here support the general view of WGDEEP that advice should be more precautionary for as long as there is no recruitment.

Table 6: Blue ling. Landings in ICES Division 5a by country.

Ár	Faroe Islands	Germany	Greenland	Iceland	Norway	UK	Total catch
1974	34	1959	0	352	140	32	2517
1975	69	1418	0	554	366	89	2496
1976	29	1222	0	674	135	28	2088
1977	39	1253	0	712	317	0	2321
1978	38	0	0	1309	156	0	1503
1979	85	0	0	2063	98	0	2246
1980	183	0	0	8505	83	0	8771
1981	220	0	0	8214	229	0	8663
1982	224	0	0	5941	64	0	6229
1983	1195	0	0	5127	402	0	6724
1984	353	0	0	3119	31	0	3503
1985	59	0	0	1398	7	0	1464
1986	69	0	0	1771	8	0	1848
1987	75	0	0	1687	8	0	1770
1988	271	0	0	1889	7	0	2167
1989	403	0	0	2121	5	0	2529
1990	1029	0	0	1989	0	0	3018
1991	241	0	0	1581	0	0	1822
1992	321	0	0	2556	0	0	2877
1993	40	0	0	4204	0	0	4244
1994	89	1	0	970	0	0	1060
1995	114	3	0	907	0	0	1024
1996	36	3	0	1156	0	0	1195
1997	25	0	0	1290	0	0	1315
1998	59	9	0	1049	0	0	1117
1999	31	8	0	1819	8	11	1877
2000	0	8	0	1634	25	9	1676
2001	95	12	0	762	49	23	941
2002	28	4	0	1264	74	10	1380
2003	16	16	0	1098	6	24	1160
2004	38	9	0	1083	49	27	1206
2005	24	25	0	1496	20	26	1591
2006	63	22	0	1734	27	11	1857
2007	78	0	0	1995	4	13	2090
2008	88	0	0	3653	21	0	3762
2009	178	0	0	4129	5	0	4312
2010	515	0	0	6378	13	0	6906
2011	797	0	0	5904	2	0	6703
2012	312	0	0	4207	2	0	4521
2013	435	0	0	2769	1	0	3205
2014	10	0	0	1594	0	0	1604
2015	3	0	0	1712	4	0	1719
2016	3	0	0	925	0	0	928
2017	0	0	0	619	0	0	619
2018	0	0	0	502	0	0	502
2019	0	0	0	415	4	0	419
2020	5	0	0	344	0	0	349
2021	1	0	0	323	0	0	324
2022	1	0	0	427	10	0	438
2023	0	0	0	404	8	0	412

Table 7: Blue ling. Landings in ICES Division 14 by country.

Ár	Faroe Islands	Germany	Greenland	Iceland	Norway	Russia	Spain	United Kingdom	Total
1983	0	621	0	0	0	0	0	0	621
1984	0	537	0	0	0	0	0	0	537
1985	0	315	0	0	0	0	0	0	315
1986	214	149	0	0	0	0	0	0	363
1987	0	199	0	0	0	0	0	0	199
1988	21	218	3	0	0	0	0	0	242
1989	13	58	0	0	0	0	0	0	71
1990	0	64	5	0	0	0	0	10	79
1991	0	105	5	0	0	0	0	45	155
1992	0	27	2	0	50	0	0	32	111
1993	0	16	0	3124	103	0	0	22	3265
1994	1	15	0	300	11	0	0	57	384
1995	0	5	0	117	0	0	0	19	141
1996	0	12	0	0	0	0	0	2	14
1997	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	2	4
1998	48	1	0	0	1	0	0	6	56
1999	0	0	0	0	1	0	66	7	74
2000	0	1	0	4	0	0	889	2	896
2001	1	0	0	11	61	0	1631	6	1710
2002	0	0	0	11	1	0	0	0	12
2003	0	0	0	0	36	0	670	5	711
2004	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	7	8
2005	2	0	0	0	1	0	176	8	187
2006	0	0	0	0	3	1	0	0	4
2007	19	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	20
2008	1	1	0	0	2	0	381	0	385
2009	1	0	0	0	3	0	111	4	119
2010	1	3	0	0	9	0	34	0	47
2011	0	6	0	0	2	0	0	0	8
2012	0	3	0	367	9	0	0	0	379
2013	0	9	4	0	0	0	0	3	16
2014	2	8	1	606	3	0	0	0	620
2015	0	5	65	46	1	0	0	0	117
2016	1	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	8
2017	0	2	4	0	4	0	0	0	10
2018	0	5	16	0	12	0	0	0	33
2019	0	7	20	0	36	0	0	0	63
2020	0	7	18	0	2	0	0	0	27
2021	0	6	1	0	9	0	0	0	16
2022	0	5	0	0	7	0	0	0	12
2023	0	7	6	0	2	0	0	0	15

Table 8: Blue ling. Catches along with survey biomass index (larger than 40 cm) from the Icelandic Autumn survey, and the length-based fishing pressure proxy (LF=M/Lmean) which is used for the evaluation of the exploitation status.

Ár	Landings in 5a	Vísitala	Landings in 14	Lf=m/Lmean
2000	1635.88	574.11	896.00	1.03
2001	761.81	914.27	1710.00	1.04
2002	1264.67	934.15	12.00	1.08
2003	1098.03	884.38	711.00	1.06
2004	1089.91	985.41	8.00	1.08
2005	1502.33	985.72	187.00	1.06
2006	1736.04	1439.28	4.00	1.05
2007	1998.09	1075.49	20.00	1.05
2008	3653.18	1586.62	385.00	1.05
2009	4129.24	1967.16	119.00	1.02
2010	6377.87	1763.54	47.00	1.02
2012	4206.66	1363.32	378.98	1.02
2013	2769.87	1683.95	16.18	1
2014	1687.64	1415.21	619.57	0.98
2015	1727.36	1113.2	94.58	0.99
2016	930.79	1105.71	8.66	0.98
2017	622.26	1090.7	9.44
2018	502.96	882.99	32.83	0.92
2019	423.98	966.65	62.55	0.9
2020	349.31	718.13	26.81	0.98
2021	331.86	902.67	16.44	1.02
2022	437.83	695	12.63	1.05
2023	412.28	1420.05	14.81	0.98
2011			8.73	1.01

References

ICES. 2012. “Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Assessment of Deep-Sea Fisheries Resources (Wgdeep), 28 March–5 April, 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES Cm 2012/Acom:17.” International Council for the Exploration of the Seas; ICES publishing.

ICES. 2021. Tenth Workshop on the Development of Quantitative Assessment Methodologies based on LIFE-history traits, exploitation characteristics, and other relevant parameters for data-limited stocks (WKLIFE X). ICES Scientific Reports. Report. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5985